[图帖] 逝去的荣耀Ⅱ——德意志帝国勋奖章图集[116P]

路易丝，普鲁士公主、女大公，威廉一世的女儿，巴登弗里德里希一世大公夫人Luise, Princess of Prussia (1838 – 1923) – daughter of Wilhelm I, grand duchess and consort of Grand Duke Friedrich I of Baden.

玛丽娅，霍亨索伦-西格马林根公主，西格马林根领主卡尔·安东亲王之女；霍亨索伦领主利奥波德亲王的妹妹；比利时佛兰德斯公爵菲利普亲王夫人；比时利国王阿尔伯特一世的母亲 Maria, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1845 - 1912) – daughter of Sovereign Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; sister of Sovereign Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern; wife of Prince Philippe of Belgium, Duke of Flanders; mother of Albert I, King of the Belgians.

Order of the Red Eagle 红鹰勋章

配发给大十字级红鹰勋章的金质星芒章


The Order of the Red Eagle (German: Roter Adlerorden) was an order of chivalry of the Kingdom of Prussia. It was awarded to both military personnel and civilians, to recognize valor in combat, excellence in military leadership, long and faithful service to the kingdom, or other achievements. As with most German (and most other European) orders, the Order of the Red Eagle could only be awarded to commissioned officers or civilians of approximately equivalent status. However, there was a medal of the order, which could be awarded to non-commissioned officers and enlisted men, lower ranking civil servants and other civilians.
红鹰勋章是普鲁士王国的骑士阶级勋章，授予对象为军人与平民，获得原因可以是作战勇敢、出色的指挥才能、长期而又忠诚地为王国服务以及其他功劳。同其他的德国勋章（以及当时大多数欧洲国家的勋章）一样，红鹰勋章只颁发给正式军官及与之同等地位的政府官员。当然了，该勋章体系中的红鹰奖章则用来授予军士、士兵、基层公务员和平民。

大十字级红鹰勋章



By the time of World War I, the Order had evolved into six classes:

Grand Cross：enameled Maltese cross badge worn on a collar (chain) and (for dress occasions) on a sash on the right shoulder, plus a gold gilt, eight-pointed breast star on the left chest; typically available to male members of the royal family, members of the Order of the Black Eagle, nobility, and foreign royalty；
1st Class：oversized, enameled cross pattée badge worn, suspended form ribbon about the neck, on a sash on the right shoulder, plus a silver, eight-pointed breast star on the left chest; available to general officers, high nobility, and heads of foreign state；
2nd Class：enameled cross pattée badge worn on a neck ribbon, plus a silver, four-pointed breast star on the left chest; available to general officers and nobility
3rd Class：enameled cross pattée badge worn on a ribbon on the left chest; available to (usually no lower than) field grade officers and minor nobility
4th Class：non-enameled cross pattée badge worn on a ribbon on the left chest; available to company grade officers
Medal - round, gold gilt medal worn on a ribbon on the left chest; available to enlisted men
到了一次大战，该勋章共设为6个级别：
大十字勋章：珐琅涂层的马耳他十字形勋章挂于颈下，在正式场合右肩披挂襟授，左胸佩戴镀金的八角星芒章，通常使用这种装扮的是皇室成员、黑鹰勋章获得者、贵族及外国皇室； $GI
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一级勋章：大型的珐琅涂层十字形勋章挂于颈下，右肩披挂襟授，左胸佩戴镀银的八角星形芒章，多见于高级将领、贵族和外国权贵；
二级勋章：珐琅涂层的十字形勋章挂于颈下，左胸佩戴银质的四角星芒章，多见于高级将领和贵族；
三级勋章：珐琅涂层的十字形勋章通过授带挂于左胸，多见于校级军官（通常不低于校官）和未成年贵族；
四级勋章：无珐琅涂层的十字形勋章通过授带挂于左胸，多见于尉级军官；
奖章：镀金的圆形奖章通过授带挂于左胸，多见于士兵。


配发给一级红鹰勋章的银质星芒章


Within these six classes, however, were a bewildering array of variations. Among these were:

All classes but the Medal of the Red Eagle Order could be awarded with swords for distinction in wartime. The swords passed through the arms of the cross behind the center medallion.
All classes above the 4th Class could be awarded with "Swords on Ring," indicating that the recipient of that class without swords had earlier received a lower class of the order with swords. A pair of crossed swords were worn above the cross on the suspension ring or above the medallion on the upper arm of the breast star.
All classes could be awarded with or without crown as an added distinction.
The Grand Cross, 1st and 2nd Class could be awarded with oak leaves, indicating prior receipt of the next lower class of the order, and/or with diamonds, as a special distinction.
Royal family members (who were automatically awarded the Grand Cross of the Red Eagle Order, per statute of the Order of the Black Eagle) were awarded the Grand Cross "with crown." The Maltese cross badge was suspended from a miniature of the Prussian crown, which covered the usual suspension ring.
The Grand Cross was awarded at least once with crossed marshals' batons, as was awarded to Paul von Hindenburg. The crossed batons were worn above the Maltese cross badge of the Grand Cross, on its suspension ring.
The 3rd Class could be awarded with bow (Schleife), indicating prior receipt of the 4th Class.
For 50 years of service, a Red Eagle recipient received the "Jubilee Number" (Jubiläumszahl), a round medallion with the number "50" on it, affixed to the suspension ring or to the oak leaves or the ring of the bow, if applicable.
There were also a set of special versions, the Stars 1st through 4th Class, for non-Christians.
虽然按规定只有六级，但仍有许多让人产生混乱的变化版本出现：
战时授予的除了奖章以外所有级别的红鹰勋章都会附加佩剑装饰以区别于和平时期颁发的同类勋章。佩剑装饰从横臂下部的穿过十字中心。


所有四级以上的勋章可以附加“佩剑挂环”装饰，表示此枚勋章为无剑版，但此获得者已提前得到了比这低一级的佩剑版红鹰勋章。交叉的双剑被装饰在吊环上或星芒章的十字臂上。
所有级别的勋章都能附加皇冠装饰以作进一步的区别。
大十字、一级和二级红鹰勋章可以附加橡叶饰，表示已经提前获得前低一等级的勋章，同时还有钻石橡叶饰，同样是为了以示区别。
王室成员（指跟据条例规定可以自动获得大十字级红鹰勋章、同时又拥有黑鹰勋章的）在大十字勋章上附加皇冠装饰。皇冠装饰被挂在马耳他十字之上，取代了原来了挂环。
大十字勋章挂环上装饰交叉的元帅权杖，目前只知道颁发了一枚，获得者是保罗·冯·兴登堡。交叉的权杖装饰在吊环上（与下文中提到的“佩剑挂环”类似）。
三级红鹰勋章可以使用蝴蝶结状授带，表示获得者已提前得到四级红鹰勋章。
为了表彰在军队服役50年人员，产生了“Jubilee Number”版红鹰勋章，数字“50”依实际情况被装饰在吊环上、橡叶饰上、蝴蝶结状授带上。
另外，还有一套专门授予非基督教徒的一级至四级红鹰勋章。


二级橡叶佩剑红鹰勋章


三级（左）及四级（右）皇冠佩剑红鹰勋章


红鹰奖章


颁发给非基督教徒的三级（左）与四级（右）红鹰勋章


获得者佩戴照片：

阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨，海军大将，佩戴着大十字级红鹰勋章 Großadmiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849 - 1930)


利奥波德，巴伐利亚王子，佩戴着大十字级红鹰勋章 Prince Leopold of Bavaria (1846 - 1930)


卡尔·奥古斯特，哈尔登堡亲王，普鲁士大臣，佩戴着一级红鹰勋章 Karl August, Prince of Hardenburg (1750 – 1822), Chancellor of State (Prussia), 1804 – 1806; 1807; and 1810 – 1822.

Order of the Crown皇冠勋章
二级皇冠勋章及星芒章


The Order of the Crown (German: Kronenorden) was Prussia's lowest ranking order of chivalry. Instituted in 1861 as an award equal in rank to the Order of the Red Eagle, it could only be awarded to commissioned officers (or civilians of approximately equivalent status), but there was a medal associated with the order which could be earned by non-commissioned officers and enlisted men.
皇冠勋章属最低等级的普鲁士骑士勋章，于1861年设立，其级别同于红鹰勋章，获得者必须是正式军官（平民必须是与之相等的政府官员），但是这其中的皇冠奖章可以授予军士和士兵。

The Order had six classes:

Grand Cross - wore the Grand Cross badge on a sash on the right shoulder, plus the star on the left chest;
1st Class - wore the badge on a sash on the right shoulder, plus the star on the left chest;
2nd Class - wore the badge on a necklet, plus the star on the left chest;
3rd Class - wore the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
4th Class - wore the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
Medal - wore the medal on a ribbon on the left chest.
皇冠勋章共分为六个级别：
大十字级勋章：大十字章挂于右肩襟授上，左胸佩戴星芒章；
一级勋章：勋章挂于襟授上，左胸佩戴星芒章；
二级勋章：勋章挂于颈下，左胸佩戴星芒章；
三级勋章：通过绶带将勋章挂于左胸上；
四级勋章：通过绶带将勋章挂于左胸上；
奖章：通过绶带将奖章挂于左胸。

三级皇冠佩剑勋章带佩剑挂环（“佩剑挂环”一词在上文红鹰勋章中出现过）




The badge of the Order for the 1st to 4th classes was a gilt cross, similar in shape to the Iron Cross but with white enamel (except for the 4th Class, which was plain). The obverse gilt central disc bore the crown of Prussia, surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the motto of the German Empire Gott Mit Uns (God With Us); the reverse gilt disc has the royal monogram, surrounded by a blue enamel ring with the date 18 October 1861.

一至四级皇冠勋章的章体形状与铁十字勋章相似，但不过采用是镀金的十字，周边有白色珐琅镶边（四级除外，章体没有镶边）。章体正面被蓝色珐琅圆圈包围的是普鲁士皇冠图案，圆圈上还有德意志帝国的箴言“上帝与我同在”；背面是一个写有“1861年12月18日”字样的蓝色珐琅圆圈，中间是王室的字母组合图样。

The star of the Order was (for Grand Cross) a gilt eight-pointed star, (for 1st Class) a silver eight-pointed star, or (for 2nd Class) a silver four-pointed star, all with straight rays. The gilt central disc again bore the crown of Prussia, surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the motto Gott Mit Uns. The ribbon of the Order was blue.
授予给大十字获得者的星芒章是镀金的八边星芒章，授予一级勋章得主的是银质八边星芒，而颁发给二级勋章获得者的则是银质四边星芒章。镀金的圆圈中心同样是一个普鲁士皇冠图案，被写着“上帝与我同在”的蓝色珐琅圆圈环绕。勋章的授带为蓝色。


The order could be awarded in dozens of variations. For example with superimposed red cross, with swords and with oak leaves.
此勋章在授予时也有许多变形，例如出现过橡叶佩剑红色十字版本。

四级佩剑皇冠勋章背面


皇冠奖章


Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 霍亨索伦王室勋章
使用挂链的司令官级霍亨索伦王室勋章



The Royal House Order of Hohenzollern (Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern) was an order of chivalry of the House of Hohenzollern. It started in 23 August 1851 by Frederick William IV, and it was both a military and a civil award. The order itself could only be awarded to commissioned officers (or civilians of approximately equivalent status), but associated with the various versions of the order were crosses and/or medals which could be awarded to non-commissioned officers and soldiers or civilians of approximately equivalent status.

霍亨索伦皇室勋章由弗里德里克·威廉四世于1851年8月23日设立，属于霍亨索伦王室的骑士阶层勋章。它既是军事勋章同时也是民用勋章，虽然按规定它只能授予军官，但是仍然设立了一个等级，专门颁发给军士、士兵（或与之等级相当的公务员）。

The House Order of Hohenzollern was instituted on December 5, 1841 by joint decree of Prince Konstantin of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
1841年12月5日，霍亨索伦-赫辛根（也译为黑兴根）的康斯但丁亲王与霍亨索伦-西格马林根的卡尔·安东亲王共同宣布设立霍亨索伦王室勋章。

佩剑司令官级霍亨索伦王室勋章



On August 23, 1851, after the two principalities had been annexed by Prussia, the order was adopted by the Prussian branch of the house. Also, although the two principalities had become an administrative region of the Prussian kingdom, the princely lines continued to award the order as a house order. The Prussian version was then known as the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern (Königlich Hausorden von Hohenzollern or Königlich Hohenzollernscher Hausorden), to distinguish it from the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern (Fürstlich Hausorden von Hohenzollern or Fürstlich Hohenzollernscher Hausorden). Although Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as German Emperor and King of Prussia, he did not relinquish his role as Head of the Royal House and as such he was still able to confer the Royal House Order. The Princely House Order continued to be awarded after the fall of the German Monarchy as well, albeit unofficially.
在1851年8月23日，这两个候国成为普鲁士的附属后，此勋章被普鲁士王室采纳，同时，由于此时这两个候国已成为普鲁士的行政区域，因此候国贵族们能继续被授予这枚家族勋章。普鲁士的版本后来被称为“霍亨索伦王室勋章”，以区别于“霍亨索伦候爵家族勋章”。1918年威廉二世皇帝被迫放弃普鲁士国王与德意志帝国皇帝头衔，但他仍保留授予王室勋章的皇室首脑身份，而贵族勋章在德国君主体制崩溃后仍在以非正式地颁发。


佩剑骑士级霍亨索伦王室勋章背面




Another wrinkle took place in 1935. Prince Karl Anton's second son, Karl Eitel Friedrich of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had become prince and then king of Romania as Carol I. Carol I had died childless and was succeeded by his nephew Ferdinand I, also of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. During the reign of Ferdinand's son King Carol II, the Romanian government established its own version of the House Order of Hohenzollern, known in Romanian as Ordinul "Bene Merenti" al Casei Domnitoare or the Order of "Bane Merenti" of the Ruling House. This version existed until the Romanian monarchy was deposed in 1947, but a slightly revised version was awarded by the former King Michael in exile.
1935年此勋章产生了一个异地版本。卡尔·安东亲王的次子，霍亨索伦-西格马林根的卡尔·艾尔特·弗里德里希亲王成为了罗马尼亚的卡罗尔一世国王。由于卡罗尔一世膝下无子，因此继承人为同样来自霍亨索伦-西格马林根的侄子斐迪南一世。当斐迪南一世的儿子，也就是卡罗尔二世国王执政时，罗马尼亚政府设立了自己版本的霍亨索伦王室勋章。此版本勋章一直到1947年罗马尼亚君主体制的废除，另外被流放的前国王迈克尔普经颁发过一些在原先基础上稍加修改的勋章。

罗马尼亚版司令官级霍亨索伦


The Royal House Order of Hohenzollern came in the following classes:
Grand Commander (Großkomtur)
Commander (Komtur)
Knight (Ritter)
Member (Inhaber)

"Member" was a lesser class for non-officers (or their equivalent). The Members' Cross (Kreuz der Inhaber), especially with swords, was a rare distinction for non-commissioned officers and the like. Another decoration, the Members' Eagle (Adler der Inhaber) was often given as a long-service award to lesser officials such as schoolteachers. The "Eagles" (the Members' Eagle and the Knights' Eagle, or Adler der Ritter) were solely civilian awards, and could not be awarded with swords. All other grades could be awarded with swords. During World War I, the Knight's Cross with Swords of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern became in effect an intermediate award between the Iron Cross 1st Class and the Pour le Mérite for Prussian junior officers. When awarded with swords it was worn on the ribbon of the Iron Cross.8300 were awarded during WW1.

霍亨索伦王皇勋章分为以下几种等级：
大十字级
司令官级
骑士级
成员级（根据德文翻译）

“成员级”主要授予非军官人员（或与之相当的政府官员）。成员级十字勋章，尤其是佩剑成员级十字勋章，对于军士、士兵等人来说是一个非常珍贵的荣誉。颁发给长期服务于军事院校的低级军官的是一个脱胎于该勋章的鹰形标饰（与章体上的图案一致）。除了专为公务员设立的成员级勋章是无剑版以外，其它所有级别的勋章在颁发时都会加上双剑。在一次大战中，骑士级霍亨索伦王室十字勋章通常授予已获得一级铁十字勋章、但又不能获得蓝色马克思的普鲁士下级军官（类似于二战时的德意志十字奖章），在日常佩戴时，获得者可以选择只在（二级）铁十字的授带上附加双剑装饰。此勋章在战争期间总共颁发了8300枚。

霍亨索伦王室勋章鹰形标饰


成员级霍亨索伦王室勋章


获得者佩戴照片

赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇（Helmuth von Moltke
），战争初期的总参谋长，脖子下方佩戴着司令官级霍亨索伦王室勋章


Iron Cross 铁十字勋章
罕见的布质一级铁十字勋章


The Iron Cross (German: Eisernes Kreuz) was a military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia, and later of Germany, which was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and first awarded on 10 March 1813 in Breslau. In addition to the Napoleonic Wars, the Iron Cross was awarded during the Franco-German War, the First World War, and the Second World War.
铁十字勋章属于普鲁士王国、以及后来的德意志帝国的军事勋章，由普鲁士国王弗里德里希·威廉三世于1813年3月10日在布雷斯劳首次颁发。除了反抗拿破仑法国的解放战争以外，在普法战争、一次大战、二次大战中都有铁十字勋章的身影。

The Iron Cross was normally a military decoration only, though there were instances of it being awarded to civilians for performing military functions. As an example, the civilian pilot Hanna Reitsch was awarded the Iron Cross First Class for her bravery as a test pilot during World War II.
铁十字勋章通常被认为是单纯的军事勋章，虽然也存在向那些为军队效力的平民颁发勋章的实例，最有名的莫过于二战时因试飞有功而被授予一级铁十字勋章的平民飞行员汉娜·莱契。


The ribbon for the 1813, 1870 and 1914 Iron Cross (2nd Class) was black with two thin white bands, the colours of Prussia. The noncombatant version of this award had the same medal, but the black and white colours on the ribbon were reversed.
1813、1870和1914版（二级）铁十字勋章的授带由一条黑条和两条细白条组成，这是普鲁士国旗的颜色。颁发给非战斗人员的铁十字勋章采用的授带颜色正好与之相反。

The Iron Cross was founded on 10 March 1813 in Breslau and awarded to soldiers during the Wars of Liberation against Napoleon. King Wilhelm I of Prussia authorized further awards on 19 July 1870, during the Franco-German War. Recipients of the 1870 Iron Cross who were still in service in 1895 were authorized to purchase a 25-year clasp consisting of the numerals "25" on three oak leaves. The Iron Cross was reauthorized by Emperor Wilhelm II on 5 August 1914, at the start of the First World War. During these three periods, the Iron Cross was an award of the Kingdom of Prussia.
铁十字勋章在1813年的反抗拿破仑解放战争中首次颁发，1870年7月19日普鲁士国王威廉一世在普法战争期间进一步补充了授予条例。如果1870版铁十字勋章获得者在1895年时仍在军队中服役，他将得到一枚刻有“25”字样的橡叶勋饰以表彰为军队服务25年。1914年8月5日，也就是战争爆发之初，威廉二世皇帝重新恢复了铁十字勋章，在接下来的三年中，铁十字勋章仍然是普鲁士王国勋章的一份子。

25年橡叶饰


The 1813, 1870, and 1914 Iron Crosses had three grades:

Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, often simply Großkreuz)
Iron Cross 1st Class (German: Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse)
Iron Cross 2nd Class (German: Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse)


Although the medals of each class were identical, the manner in which each was worn differed. Employing a pin or screw posts on the back of the medal, the Iron Cross First Class was worn on the left side of the recipient's uniform. The Grand Cross and the Iron Cross Second Class were suspended from different ribbons.
1813、1870和1914版铁十字勋章都只有三个等级：
大铁十字勋章
一级铁十字勋章
二级铁十字勋章
虽然各级铁十字勋章的式样除了大小之外几乎无任何区别，但它们的佩戴方式却各不相同。一级铁十字勋章通过勋章背后的别针或螺栓佩戴于制服的左侧位置，而大铁十字勋章和二级铁十字勋章则采用不同宽度的授带挂于不同的地方（大铁十字挂于颈下，二级铁十字挂于第二颗扣眼上）


大铁十字勋章


The Grand Cross was intended for senior generals of the German Army. An even higher decoration, the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, was awarded only twice, to Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher in 1813 and to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg in 1918. A third award was planned for the most successful German general during the Second World War, but was not made after the defeat of Germany in 1945.
大铁十字勋章只授予德国陆军高级军官。除此之外，还有一种更高级别的荣誉：星芒大铁十字勋章，此种勋章在历史上只颁发给了两个人，一位是格布哈特·冯·布吕歇尔陆军元帅（1813年获得），另一位是保罗·冯·兴登堡陆军元帅（1918年获得）。计划中的历史上第三名星芒大铁十字勋章获得者很有可能是赫尔曼·戈林，但由于德国于1945年战败而未能成功颁发。

星芒大铁十字勋章


The Iron Cross 1st Class and the Iron Cross 2nd Class were awarded without regard to rank. One had to already possess the 2nd Class in order to receive the 1st Class (though in some cases both could be awarded simultaneously). The egalitarian nature of this award contrasted with those of most other German states (and indeed many other European monarchies), where military decorations were awarded based on the rank of the recipient. For example, Bavarian officers received various grades of that Kingdom's Military Merit Order (Militär-Verdienstorden), while enlisted men received various grades of the Military Merit Cross (Militär-Verdienstkreuz). Prussia did have other orders and medals which were awarded on the basis of rank, and even though the Iron Cross was intended to be awarded without regard to rank, officers and NCOs were more likely to receive it than junior enlisted soldiers.
在颁发一级铁十字勋章和二级铁十字勋章时不论获得者军衔高低，只遵循“获得一级铁十字勋章必须得先拥有二级铁十字勋章”的要求（虽然也有同时获得一级和二级铁十字勋章的情况）。这与当时德国其他城邦（也包括当时其他欧洲君主制国家）形成了鲜明对比，因为当时奉行军事荣誉的授予与军衔挂钩的思想，以巴伐利亚为例，对于同一战功，军官获得的是“军事功勋勋章”（此勋章介绍详见下文），而士兵只能获得“军事功勋十字勋章”。普鲁士也设立有依军衔授予的各类勋奖章，但铁十字勋章却是个例外，所以军官和军士的获得数量与授予士兵的数量相差不大。

二级铁十字勋章背面


In the First World War, approximately four million Iron Crosses of the lower grade (2nd Class) were issued, as well as around 145,000 of the higher grade (1st Class).Exact numbers of awards are not known, since the Prussian archives were destroyed during the Second World War. Among the holders of the 1914 Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class was Adolf Hitler, who held the rank of Gefreiter. Hitler can be seen wearing the award on his left breast, as was standard, in many photographs.
战争期间大约颁发了400万枚二级铁十字勋章，14万5千枚一级铁十字勋章，由于普鲁士时期的相关档案在二战中流失，所以精确数字至今仍无从知晓。在众多1914版二级和一级铁十字勋章获得者中，有一位是阿道夫·希特勒，当时的军衔是代理下士。在许多希特勒的标准像中可以看到他将勋章佩戴在左胸位置。

获得者佩戴照片：

保罗·冯·兴登堡 Paul von Hindenburg (1847 - 1934)


Military Merit Cross 军事功勋十字勋章


The Military Merit Cross (Militär-Verdienstkreuz) was the highest bravery award of the Kingdom of Prussia for non-commissioned officers and enlisted soldiers. It was also known as the Golden Military Merit Cross (Goldenes Militär-Verdienstkreuz) to distinguish it from the Military Decoration 1st Class (Militär-Ehrenzeichen I. Klasse), a lesser Prussian enlisted bravery decoration which was an identical cross but in silver. The Military Merit Cross came to also be known as the "Pour le Mérite for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men" (Orden Pour le Mérite für Unteroffiziere und Mannschaften), after the Pour le Mérite, Prussia's highest military decoration for officers.
军事功勋十字勋章是普鲁士王国授予士官与士兵的最高级别功勋勋章，以表彰其出众的勇敢行为。此勋章还被认为等同于金质军事功勋十字勋章（巴伐利亚颁发，此勋章介绍详见后文——小人物注），少量授予英勇士兵的勋章章体为银质。由于该勋章是授予军士与士兵的最高级别功勋勋章，因此一般将其看成是授予士兵的“蓝色马克思”。


The Military Merit Cross was founded by King Wilhelm I of Prussia on February 27, 1864. It was originally reserved for those in the rank of Feldwebel (the then-highest NCO grade) and below, but eligibility was later extended to soldiers in the rank of Offizier-Stellvertreter, a rank created in 1887 which was roughly comparable to a warrant officer-type rank.
军事功勋十字勋章由普鲁士国王威廉一世于1864年2月27日设立，最初的授予对象是军士长和以下士官，后来扩大到拥有“军官助理”（1887年设立，一个比较模糊的范围，似军官而非军官的一个级别）衔的士兵。



Military Decoration 军事奖章
一级军事奖章


二级军事奖章

设有一级和二级共两个级别，具体说明不详

Warrior Merit Medal 英勇功绩奖章

具体说明不详。

Landwehr XX Long Service Cross 后备军人20年长期服役十字奖章


These were awarded in the period 1868 to 1919 for service in the Pussian home defence army.

授予1868年至1919年间在普鲁士本士防卫军中服役超过20年的人员。

The front has the Imperial cypher (WR) of Kaiser Wilhelm and the reverse has the roman X X numerals denoting 20 years of service.
奖章的正面是威廉皇帝的标记WR，背面刻着罗马数字20，表示服役20年。


Pilot's Badge 飞行员证章


Established on 27 January 1913, by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

由威廉二世皇帝于1913年1月27日设立。

Issued to enlisted men as well as officers and non-commissioned officers, the silver Prussian Pilot's Badge was normally
presented to a pilot after he'd gained experience in aerial combat. The front of the badge depicts an early monoplane flying
over a village near a mountain range, surrounded by wreaths of laurel and oak leaves joined together at the base with a

ribbon bow. The laurel leaves on the left symbolize victory while the oak leaves on the right symbolize strength. At the top
of the badge is an Imperial Prussian crown representing a united Germany.

这款银质普鲁士飞行员证章授予具备空中格斗技能的军官和士兵，证章的正面是一架飞临山间乡村上空的早期单翼机，四周被月桂树与橡叶组成的花环包围，左侧的月桂树叶象征胜利，而右侧的橡叶象征力量，在证章的顶端是象征德国团结的普鲁士皇冠。

Commemorative Pilot Badge 飞行员纪念证章


This badge would have been worn by Prussian Army pilots who no longer flew on active duty. It is sometimes referred to as a

"Retired Pilots" badge. The badge is unique among Prussian badges as it is cut out and the eagle is flying over the landscape.  Herman Göring wore a badge similar to this in several photos during the 1930's.

此证章颁发给不能再执行飞行任务的飞行员。有时也被称为“退役飞行员证章”。它与其他飞行员证章最大的区别在于，正面老鹰造型是独立，并不再是刻画出来的图案，此风格也是众多证章中唯一。有几张赫尔曼·戈林在30年代照片拍摄的照片中，就出现过这种证章。

Air Service Commemorative Badge 陆军飞行队纪念证章



This is one of the more unusual Imperial German Flight Badges. It was issued for a very brief time: apparently from about January 1914 until August 1914. It was issued at the same time as the Commemorative Pilot Badge. The Commemorative Pilot Badge was principally used for men who were no longer on active flight status due perhaps to health or injuries. The Air Service Commemorative Badge was used for men who had attained flight status ( thus being entitled to the Prussian Army Pilot Badge & having its certificate). However, they might have been returned to their previous duties because of a need in those units (cavalry, infantry, artillery, etc.). What is known is that it was not awarded in any great numbers (the exact amount is not known).
这种证章纪念证章的发行时间非常短暂，大致从1914年1月至当年8月，同时期又有陆军飞行员纪念证章的发行，由此造成它的颁发量非常稀少。证章的授予标准为“因健康或受伤原因导致不能再执行飞行任务”。另外也会颁发给获得飞行资格的人员（他们同时会获得飞行员证章与证书），当然这些来自骑兵、步兵和炮兵的人员在通过飞行考核后并不意味着将担任飞机驾驶员，他们可能又会回到原来的部队。此证章的授予数量不明，但可以肯定非常有限。

Navy Land Plane Pilot Badge 海军飞行员证章


This is a very appealing example of the Navy Land Plane Pilot Badge. It is of the one-piece variety. It has a striking gilt finish with some toning to the obverse. The reverse bears hallmarking from the firm of Meybauer, along with a flat pin.

此证章独特之处在于，它是用一整块材料压铸而成的。表面镀金。背面刻有生产商“Meybauer”的戳记，采用一根竖别针佩戴。

Naval Sea-Plane Pilot Badge 海军水上飞机飞行员证章

具体说明不详。

Air Gunner Badge 航炮手证章

具体说明不详。

Ölberg Cross 奥尔堡十字勋章
Das Ölberg-Kreuz wurde am 24. Dezember 1909 durch Prinz Eitel Friedrich von Preußen zur Erinnerung an die Gründung der Kaiserin Auguste Victoria-Stiftung auf dem Ölberg bei Jerusalem gestiftet und konnte an Männer und Frauen verliehen werden, die sich um die Stiftung verdient gemacht haben.
1909年12月24日，普鲁士王子艾特尔·弗里德里希在耶路撒冷附近的奥尔堡设立了奥古斯特·维多利亚皇后基金会，以纪念这位己故的皇后，同时设立了奥尔堡十字勋章，以表彰那些为基金会的创立作出重大贡献的男女人员。


Das Ordenszeichen ist ein aus vergoldetem Silber gefertigtes Kruckenkreuz mit vier rot emaillierten Kreuzarmen. Zwischen jedem Kreuzarm ist ein schwarz emailliertes Jerusalem-Kreuz angebracht. In der Mitte der Dekoration ein aufgelegtes weißes Johanniterkreuz.
奥尔堡十字勋章采用银质章体，表面镀金，十字臂上涂有红色珐琅，每两条十字臂之间饰有一个黑色珐琅涂层的耶路撒冷十字，勋章的正中装饰着一个白色的圣约翰十字。

Getragen wurde das Ölberg-Kreuz an einem weißen Band.
此勋章的授带为白色。
注：奥尔堡十字勋章只找到文字介绍，图片欠缺。

Merit Cross for War Aid 战争辅助功勋十字奖章

授予在战线后方做出突出贡献的人员

巴伐利亚王国

Military Order of Max-Joseph 马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章
司令官级马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章


The Military Order of Max Joseph (German: Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden) was the highest purely military order of the Kingdom of Bavaria. It was founded on January 1, 1806 by Maximilian-Joseph upon his ascent to the throne of the Kingdom of Bavaria.
马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章是巴伐利亚最高级别的军事勋章，由巴伐利亚的首位国王马克西米利安·约瑟夫一世于1806年1月1日登基时设立。

The order came in three classes:

Grand Cross (Großkreuz)
Commander's Cross (Kommandeurkreuz)
Knight's Cross (Ritterkreuz)


该勋章共设立三个级别：
大十字勋章
司令官十字勋章
骑士十字勋章


Individuals who received the order and were not already members of the nobility were ennobled and would add the title of "Ritter von" to their family name. A Bavarian title of nobility obtained through the Military Order of Max Joseph was valid for the recipient's life only.
无论获得者先前是否为贵族，被授予此勋章后都将成为其中的一员，这在军事勋章中实属少见，获得者还可享有在姓氏前附加“Ritter von”的资格，不过此头衔无法继承。


The order became obsolete in 1918 with the collapse of the Bavarian monarchy on Germany's defeat in World War I. However, the orders chancery continued to process outstanding award recommendations to at least 1922.
随着1918年德国的战败以及巴伐利亚君主体制的崩溃，该勋章逐渐被废除，虽然在1922年前仍在受理此勋章的提名。

The badge of the order was a white-enameled gold Maltese cross with balls at the of each cross point. The center medallion, in blue enamel and edged in gold, featured the monogram of Max Joseph on the obverse (a cursive "MJK") and the Latin motto of the order, "Virtuti pro patria" ("Bravery for the fatherland") on the reverse, both in gold. Above the cross was a gold crown.

勋章的章体是一个涂有白色珐琅的金质马耳他十字，每个角尖上都有一个小球。中间是一块镶金边的蓝色珐琅，上面写有金色马克斯·约瑟夫的字母组合（字母MJK的花体），勋章的背面是金色拉丁文“Virtuti pro patria”（意为为了祖国英勇战斗）。在十字章体上面是一个金质皇冠装饰。


The badge of the Knight's Cross was much smaller than that of many other military orders and decorations. It measured 28-mm in width (and 50-mm in height including the crown and ring), compared to Bavaria's Military Merit Order, the badge of whose lower grades measured 41-mm by 45-mm. It was worn from a ribbon on the officer's medal bar ahead of other decorations or, typically, separately worn through the buttonhole. In 1951, wear of the Knight's Cross around the neck, an unofficial practice for some time, was permitted by the still-existing chancery of the order. The badge of a Commander's Cross was somewhat larger than the Knight's Cross, measuring 38-mm by 55-mm. It was worn from a ribbon around the neck. The Grand Cross was still larger (68-mm by 100-mm), and had golden rays between the arms of the cross.
骑士级勋章的章体明显小于其它军事勋奖章。标准宽高为28毫米（加上皇冠和挂环也只为50毫米），而低级巴伐利亚军事功勋勋章的章体为41X45毫米。在阅兵勋章组中，它排在所有勋奖章之前，或者单独从勋章组中分离出挂在扣眼上（类似二级铁十字勋章）。到了1951年，骑士级勋章被佩戴在颈下，这种非正规的佩戴方法获得了许可。司令官级十字章体比骑士级稍大一些，为38毫米x55毫米，佩戴于颈下。最大的是大十字级（68毫米x100毫米），在每条十字臂之间装饰有金质光芒。


骑士级马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章背面



The star of the order, which only came with the Grand Cross, was a silver eight-pointed star (with each point made of five rays). The center of the star featured a badge of the order, but with an oversized medallion, bearing the motto "Virtuti pro patria".
银质八角星芒章（每两个角尖之间有光芒装饰）只在颁发大十字级勋章时同时授予，星芒章正面中心与其它级别一样，只是尺寸更大，上面有“Virtuti pro patria”字样。

大十字级马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章及星芒章


For recipients of the order who were not already members of the nobility, receipt of the order conferred a patent of nobility. This patent was not inheritable, similar to a knighthood in the United Kingdom. When a recipient was ennobled, his surname name was changed by the addition of the title "Ritter von" ("Knight of"). Thus for example the later Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb was born Wilhelm Leeb.
如果此勋章获得者不是贵族成员，那么他将被授予贵族头衔。此头衔与英国的骑士封号相类似，但不可世袭。当获得者被授予贵族头衔后，他的名字中会加入“Ritter von”（可以理解为“某某骑士”）。比如威廉·勒布，后来的陆军元帅，变成了Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb（在姓氏前加了Ritter von）。

Such a patent of nobility only applied to Bavarian subjects; non-Bavarians could receive the Military Order of Max Joseph but not use a title because of this. Thus for example General Erich Ludendorff remained plain Ludendorff, although he was decorated with the Grand Cross of the order in 1916.
获得此贵族头衔只限巴伐利亚人；非巴伐利亚人被授予的仅仅是马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章，不包括头衔。比如埃里希·鲁登道夫将军于1916年被授予大十字级勋章，但他的名字仍保持原样。



Note that not all Bavarian "Ritter von" were knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph. The Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown, a high civil honor (but also frequently awarded to military personnel) also conferred a patent of nobility. For example the 1920s-era Minister President of Bavaria Gustav Ritter von Kahr was a recipient of the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown rather than the Military Order of Max Joseph. Furthermore, "Ritter von" was also a hereditary title in some noble families and had no connection to these orders.

需要注意的是，并不是所有名字中有“Ritter von”的人都是通过马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章获得骑士头衔的。有一种授予给平民的最高荣誉（虽然经常颁发给军事人员）——巴伐利亚功勋勋章，也能让获得者成为贵族。例如巴伐利亚总理古斯塔夫·卡尔在上世纪20年代获得比马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章高一级别的巴伐利亚皇冠功勋勋章（此勋章介绍详见附录2）后，其名字变成了“Gustav Ritter von Kahr”。需要指出的是，有些贵族的“Ritter von”头衔不是通过勋章获得的，而且可以世袭。

获得者佩戴照片：
利奥波德·马克西米利安·约瑟夫·玛丽亚· 阿努尔夫，巴伐利亚王子 Leopold Maximilian Joseph Maria Arnulf, Prinz von Bayern (9 February 1846 - 28 September 1930)



鲁普雷希特，最后一位巴伐利亚皇太子， Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria (German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) (18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955) was the last Bavarian Crown Prince.


弗朗茨·冯·埃普骑士（注意他的名字） Franz Ritter von Epp(16 October 1868 in Munich – 31 December 1946 in Munich)



欧根·冯· 肖伯特，参加过两次大战的老兵，41年在苏联前线因所乘侦察机误降雷区而触雷阵亡 Eugen Ritter von Schobert(March 13, 1883 – September 12, 1941) was a German general who served in World War I and World War II. He died in the Soviet Union when his observation plane crashed in a Soviet minefield.



附录2：Civil Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown 巴伐利亚皇冠平民功勋勋章

大十字级巴伐利亚皇冠平民功勋勋章及星芒章


King Maximilian Joseph I. of Bavaria founded the Civil Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown on May 27,1808. With its motto: “Virtus et Honos” the order belongs to the civil merit orders of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The order was originally awarded in three grades: grand cross, commander cross and knights cross as well as its affiliated silver and golden medal. In 1855 the grand commander grade was added to the order's system.
巴伐利亚皇冠平民功勋勋章由巴伐利亚国王马克西米利安·约瑟夫一世于1808年5月27日设立。章体上有铭文“Virtus et Honos”，它是巴伐利亚国王的平民功勋勋章中的一种。勋章设有三个级别：大十字级、司令官级和骑士级，以及同名的金质和银质奖章。1855年新增了大司令官级。

各级别勋章大小如下[单位:mm]
大十字级： 章体115x75 星芒章90x90
大司令官级：章体80x55 星芒章75x75
司令官级： 章体80x55 无星芒章

骑士级： 章体60x40 无星芒章

司令官级巴伐利亚皇冠平民功勋勋章


罕见的刺绣版大司令官级巴伐利亚皇冠平民功勋勋章星芒章


Military Merit Order 军事功勋勋章
大十字级军事功勋勋章（注意使用的是无剑版授带）


The Bavarian Military Merit Order (Militär-Verdienstorden) was established on July 19, 1866 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. It was the kingdom's main decoration for bravery and military merit for officers and higher-ranking officials. Civilians acting in support of the army were also made eligible for the decoration. The Military Merit Order ranked below the Military Order of Max Joseph (Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden).which was Bavaria's highest military honor for officers (and conferred a patent of non-hereditary nobility on officers who were not already nobles).
巴伐利亚军事功勋勋章由巴伐利亚国王路德维格二世于1866年7月19日设立。授予作战勇敢的军事人员和高级官员，同时它也是王国勋章体系中的重要组成部分，对于帮助军队有功的平民也能被授予此勋章。军事功勋勋章低于马克思·约瑟夫军事勋章。是授予军官的最高级别军事荣誉（且不论是否为贵族）。

By World War I (after a wholesale revision of the order statutes in 1905), the order had evolved into the following classes:

Grand Cross (Großkreuz) - Cross worn from a sash with a breast star
1st Class (1. Klasse) - Smaller cross worn from a sash with a breast star
2nd Class (2. Klasse) - Smaller cross worn from a ribbon around the neck
Officer's Cross (Offizierskreuz) - Pinback cross worn on the lower left chest; the cross had an elongated lower arm.
3rd Class (3. Klasse) - Smaller cross worn from a ribbon on the upper left chest.
4th Class (4. Klasse) - Same cross as the 3rd Class, except with silver flames and, where applicable, crown and swords.
到了一次大战（1905年大规模地修改了勋章条例），此勋章发展为以下几种等级：
大十字级——大十字章挂在大授带上，同时胸部佩戴星芒章
大司令官级——比大十字略小的十字章挂于大授带上同时胸部佩戴星芒章
司令官级——勋章通过授带挂于颈下
军官级——勋章通过背后的别针佩戴于左胸靠下位置
一级骑士级——勋章通过授带挂于左胸
二级骑士级——章体与一级骑士级一样，除了银色光芒，通常附加皇冠与双剑

佩剑大司令官级军事功勋勋章



The order could be awarded with or without swords (which generally indicated wartime or combat awards). The Grand Cross and 1st Class always came with a breast star, but the 2nd Class could be awarded with or without the breast star. The 3rd and 4th Classes could be awarded with or without a crown. Generally, these distinctions were based on rank, but in certain cases were used to permit a second award for further acts of bravery or military merit.
有的勋章在授予时会加上交叉的双剑（表示是战争或战斗功绩），大十字级和一级章通常附带星芒章，但是二级勋章则可能不附带星芒章，有的三级与四级勋章在授予时会加上皇冠，造成这些区别的基于授勋者的军衔，但也有获得者再次立功后所授予的勋章打破了这一规定。

大十字级和大司令官级配发的星芒章



During World War I, the order was typically awarded as follows:


Grand Cross with Swords (Großkreuz mit Schwertern) - Field marshals, colonel generals, generals
1st Class with Swords (1. Klasse mit Schwertern) - Generals, some lieutenant generals
2nd Class with Star and with Swords (2. Klasse mit dem Stern und mit Schwertern) - Lieutenant generals, major generals who already had the 2nd Class with Swords

2nd Class with Swords (2. Klasse mit Schwertern) - Major generals
Officer's Cross with Swords (Offizierskreuz mit Schwertern) - Colonels, some lieutenant colonels
3rd Class with Crown and Swords (3. Klasse mit der Krone unde mit Schwertern) - Colonels, lieutenant colonels
3rd Class with Swords (3. Klasse mit Schwertern) - Lieutenant colonels, majors
4th Class with Crown and Swords (4. Klasse mit der Krone unde mit Schwertern) - Majors, captains (and a few lieutenants) who already had the 4th Class with Swords
4th Class with Swords (4. Klasse mit Schwertern) - Captains, lieutenants
In addition, there was an associated Military Merit Cross, which was open to non-commissioned officers and enlisted soldiers.
在一战期间的授予情况一般如下：
佩剑大十字：元帅、大将、上将
佩剑大司令官级：上将、少数中将
佩剑司令官级附加星芒章：中将、已获得二级佩剑的少将
佩剑司令官级：少将
佩剑军官级：上校、少数中校
一级皇冠佩剑骑士级：上校、中校
一级佩剑骑士级：中校、少校
二级皇冠佩剑骑士级：少校、已获得四级佩剑的上尉（包括少数中尉）
二级佩剑骑士级：上尉、中尉
另外，还有一种授予军士与士兵的“军事功勋十字勋章”，可以理解为此勋章的士兵版。

军官级皇冠佩剑军事功勋勋章


一级皇冠佩剑骑士级军事功勋勋章


二级佩剑骑士级军事功勋勋章


获得者佩戴照片：
路德维格三世（路德维格·路易波德·约瑟夫·玛丽亚·阿洛伊斯·阿尔弗雷德），巴伐利亚国王，佩戴着大司令官级军事功勋勋章 Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; English: Louis Leopold Joseph Mary Aloysius Alfred), (1845–1921), King of Bavaria.


弗里德里希·冯·克雷斯男爵，一战土耳其军队指挥官，佩戴着佩剑军官级和三级皇冠佩剑军事功勋勋章 Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein- Bavarian general and commander of Ottoman forces in World War I.


注：此勋章的等级名称译文与原文有出入，原因是各篇外文资料上无法做到等级名称的统一，因此在翻译时采用了与前文相同的命名方法，与采用的这篇原文相比更加直观。

Military Merit Medal / Bravery Medal 军事功勋奖章/勇敢奖章

The Military Merit Medal (Goldene/Silberne Militär-Verdienst Medaille) was Bavaria's highest decoration for bravery for non- commissioned officers and enlisted men. Both the gold and silver medals outranked the various grades of the Military Merit Cross, with the gold outranking the silver. The Military Merit Medal was founded on October 30, 1794. The medals were informally known as the Gold and Silver Bravery Medals, and on March 2, 1918 the name was officially changed to Bravery Medal. During World War I, there were approximately 1,000 awards of the Golden Bravery Medal and 2,800 to 2,900 awards of the Silver (sources differ on exact numbers).
军事功勋奖章是巴伐利亚颁发给作战勇敢的军士、士兵的最高级别荣誉奖章。金质奖章高于银质奖章，但无论是是金质还是银质其级别都在任何等级的军事功勋十字勋章之上。该奖章于1794年10月30日设立，最初被称为金/银质勇敢奖章只是人们私底下的称呼，直到1918年3月2日，官方才正式确定“勇敢奖章”为正式名称。整个战争期间，大约颁发了1000枚金质奖章和2800至2900枚银质奖章（由于资料来源不同，故造成数据不统一）。

金质军事功勋奖章



银质军事功勋奖章


Military Merit Cross 军事功勋十字奖章
盛放在盒中的三级佩剑军事功勋十字奖章


The Bavarian Military Merit Cross (Militär-Verdienstkreuz) was that kingdom's main decoration for bravery and military merit for enlisted soldiers. It was intended "to reward extraordinary merit by non-commissioned officers, soldiers, and lower-ranking officials." It was originally established on July 19, 1866 as the 5th Class of the Military Merit Order, which was the main decoration for bravery and military merit for officers and higher-ranking officials. Civilians acting in support of the army were also made eligible for the decoration.
巴伐利亚军事功勋十字奖章是授予王国士兵以表彰其勇敢作战和军事功勋的主要奖章。授予条例规定“授予做出非凡功绩的军士、士兵以及下级军官”。此奖章于1866年7月19日被作为“五级军事功勋勋章”而设立（前文已经提到，军事功勋勋章只设四级），而真正的军事功勋勋章只授予军官。对于那些帮忙军队有功的平民也可以被授予此奖章。


The Military Merit Cross ranked after the Gold and Silver Military Merit Medals (renamed the Bravery Medals in 1918), which were Bavaria's highest military honors for NCOs and enlisted soldiers.
军事功勋十字奖章的等级在金/银质军事功勋奖章（1918年更名为勇敢奖章）之下，后者是巴伐利亚授予军士和士兵的最高级别荣誉。

The Bavarian Military Merit Cross underwent three major revisions. In February 1891, awards with swords were authorized to distinguish wartime awards, whether for bravery or military merit, from peacetime awards. This was made retroactive for wartime awards from the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
巴伐利亚军事功勋十字勋章经历了三次大的调整。1891年2月，规定战时颁发给军事人员的奖章上附加佩剑装饰，以区别于和平时期颁发的同类奖章。此举可以追溯到1866年的普奥战争和1870-71年间的普法战争，当时也出台了类似的规定。

In 1905, the statutes of the Military Merit Order were revised and the Military Merit Cross was divided into two classes. The former Military Merit Cross became the Military Merit Cross 1st Class, and a new second class was created which had no enamel on the medallion. The distinction in classes was based on the rank of the recipient.
1905年，根据新的条例规定军事功勋十字奖章被分为两个等级。原先的奖章被设为一级奖章，将新创造的、没有珐琅涂层的设为二级奖章。设立两个级别主要考虑到了获得者的军衔等级。

In 1913, another revision of the statutes of the Military Merit Order divided the Military Merit Cross into three classes. The old non-enameled 2nd Class became the 3rd Class and was changed from silver to bronze. The old 1st Class became the 2nd Class. The new 1st Class was identical to the 2nd Class except that it was gilt rather than silver. In addition, all classes were authorized to be awarded with a crown. The crown could be used for a second award to an NCO or soldier who already had received a particular class and whose rank precluded award of a higher class, or to recognize greater merit. There were then effectively 12 combinations: 3 classes each with or without crown, and each with or without swords. This doubled when one takes into account that there were two possible ribbons, one for soldiers and one for officials (Beamtenband).
1913年，条例又进行了修订，奖章被分为三个等级。原来没有珐琅涂层的二级奖章被改成三级奖章，同时材质也由银变成了铜。原来的一级奖章被改为二级。新的一级奖章与二级奖章大体相同，唯一的区别是表面镀金，而非银质。另外，还规定任何级别的奖章都能附加皇冠装饰，当军士和士兵第二次被授予、同时由于其军衔等级太低而无法获得更高一级奖章时，会被授予皇冠装饰。至此，此奖章被分成了12种类型：3种普通状态、有无皇冠、有无双剑或两者皆有。由此产生了两种不同的授带：一种授予士兵，另一种授予军官（公务员）。


三级皇冠佩剑军事功勋十字奖章背面（1913年等级划分标准）


World War I broke out the following year, and the Military Merit Cross became Bavaria's main decoration for bravery and merit by enlisted soldiers in that war, roughly equivalent to Prussia's Iron Cross (except unlike the Iron Cross, the classes of the Military Merit Cross were awarded based on rank). According to one source, the total number of awards of all classes was 380,976. Approximately 290,000 were of the 3rd Class with Swords and approximately 73,000 of the 3rd Class with Crown and Swords, the two lowest grades. The Military Merit Cross became obsolete with the fall of the German Empire and the Bavarian Kingdom in 1918, although the Bavarian government continued to process awards up to 1920.
在一战爆发后的几年里，军事功勋十字奖章成为了巴伐利亚授予士兵的主要奖章，大致与普鲁士的铁十字勋章相似（唯一的区别是铁十字勋章在颁发时是不论获得者的军衔等级的）。一份资料上记载，战争期间颁发了所有级别的十字奖章共计380976枚，其中包括大约29万枚三级佩剑奖章和约7万3千枚三级皇冠佩剑奖章。1918年随着德意志帝国与巴伐利亚王国的崩溃，军事功勋十字奖章被废除，不过直到1920年巴伐利亚政府仍在受理授予申请。

三级佩剑军事功勋十字奖章正面



著名获得者：
Theodor Eicke（西奥多·艾克）：二级（无剑）军事功勋十字奖章
Sepp Dietrich（泽普·迪特里希）：三级佩剑军事功勋十字奖章
Adolf Hitler（阿道夫·希特勒）：三级佩剑军事功勋十字奖章

King Ludwig Cross 路德维格国王十字奖章


The King Ludwig Cross (König Ludwig Kreuz) was a decoration for merit on the homefront. It was founded on January 7, 1916, and was awarded "to those persons who have performed especial merit for the army or for the general welfare of the homeland during this war through official or voluntary activities in the homeland." Dr. K.-G. Klietmann indicates that approximately 73,000 crosses were awarded between July 1916 and March 1918, so the total number of awards is likely over 100,000.
路德维格国王十字奖章授予在战线后方做出贡献的人员。此奖章于1916年1月7日设立，授予对象为“在战争中服务于后方，并为本国军队或社会福利事业做出卓越贡献的公务员或志愿者”。K·G·克里特曼博士估计此奖章在1916年7月至1918年3月间大约颁发7万3千枚，而总共颁发数量将近为10万枚。


Air Gunner Badge 航炮手证章

具体说明不详。

Observer Badge 观测员证章

具体说明不详。


Commemorative Pilot Badge 飞行员纪念证章



Worn under the same terms and conditions as the Prussian badge. These two are very similar with the main difference being the crowns. This underscores the fact that WW1 Germany was a group of States, Principalities, Duchies and was not just 1 unified country.
该证章与普鲁士飞行员纪念证章有诸多相似之处：颁发标准相同；连造型上也相似，只是在皇冠处有略微差异。这也从侧面证明一战时期的德国实际上是众多王国、公国及大公国的联合体。


Order of St Hubert 圣·休伯特勋章

设立于1444年11月4日，只有一级。


Order of St George 圣·乔治勋章
司令官级圣·乔治勋章


设立于1729年，分为大司令官级、司令级和骑士级三个等级。

Royal Merit Order of St Michael 圣·迈克尔王室功勋勋章

大司令官级圣·迈克尔勋章及星芒章



司令官级圣·迈克尔勋章



骑士级圣·迈克尔勋章

设于1693年，分为大十字级、大司令官级、司令官级、骑士级和同名奖章。


Order of the Lion 雄狮勋章


由巴伐利亚法尔茨区 (Electoral Pfalz) 长官卡尔·西奥多 (Carl Theodor) 于1768年1月1日设立。作为一种颁发给贵族及为州政府服务有功人员的勋章，总共授予了25枚。

Maximilian Order for Arts and Sciences 马克西米利安科学艺术勋章

设立时间不详，只有一个级别。


Ludwig Order 路德维格勋章



设立于1827年，只有一个级别。


Theresa Order 特蕾莎勋章

设立时间与等级不详。


Merit Cross for Volunteer Nurses 志愿护士功勋十字奖章

设立于1901年3月5日，授予救助病患有功人员。

汉诺威王国

Royal Guelphic Order 王室教皇党勋章
司令官级王室教皇党勋章



The Royal Guelphic Order, sometimes also referred to as the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, was a Hanoverian order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent (later George IV). It has not been conferred by the British Crown since the death of King William IV in 1837, when the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended. It has however continued to be conferred by the Kingdom of Hanover as an independent state and subsequently, after the defeat and forced dissolution of the Kingdom of Hanover by the Kingdom of Prussia, to be awarded by the Royal House of Hanover. The honour is named after the House of Guelph to which the Hanoverian kings belonged, and its insignia were based on the white horse of that kingdom's arms.
王室教皇党勋章由汉诺威摄政王、日后的乔治四世设立于1815年4月28日。1837年威廉四世国王的去世宣告不列颠与汉诺威王室联盟关系的结束，故此后就不再颁发给英国王室。后来普鲁士用武力并吞了汉诺威，但汉诺威王室仍拥有颁发勋章的权力。勋章正面白马图案为汉诺威王室徽章。

The Order included two Divisions, Civil and Military. Its three classes, in descending order of seniority, were:

Knight Grand Cross (GCH)
Knight Commander (KCH)
Knight (KH)
勋章有三个等级，分别为大十字级、司令官与骑士级，同时存在平民与佩剑两种版本。

刺绣版大十字级王室教皇党勋章之星芒章（现代仿制品）



The Order has six officers: the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Register, the King of Arms, the Genealogist, and the Secretary.

The first six officers were:


Chancellor: Count Ernst Friedrich Herbert von Münster
Vice-Chancellor: Georg Nieper
Secretary: Ludwig Moeller
King of Arms: Sir George Nayler
Genealogist: August Neubourg
Register: Sir William Woods
最早被授予教皇党勋章的6人分别为：

大法官：恩斯特·弗里德里希·赫伯特·冯·明斯特伯爵
副大法官：格奥尔格·尼泊
大臣：路德维格·穆勒
纹章院长：乔治·内勒爵士
系谱专家：奥古斯特·纽伯格
书记官：威廉·伍兹爵士

骑士级王室教皇党勋章


Order of Ernst August 恩斯特·奥古斯特勋章
司令官级恩斯特·奥古斯特勋章




Instituted on 15 December 1865 by King George V. Awarded for civil and military merit..
由乔治四世国王设于1865年12月15日，授予建立民事与军事功勋的人员。


Waterloo Medal 1815 滑铁卢奖章

授予参加了1815年滑铁卢战役的军人。

Langensalza Medal 1866 朗恩萨拉扎奖章

授予参加了1866年朗恩萨拉扎战役的军人。

萨克森王国

Military Order of St. Henry 圣·亨利军事勋章
二级司令官级圣·亨利军事勋章

The Military Order of St. Henry (Militär-St. Heinrichs-Orden) was a military order of the Kingdom of Saxony, a member state of the German Empire. The order was the oldest military order of the states of the German Empire. It was founded on October 7, 1736 by Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. The order underwent several more revisions over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It became obsolete with the fall of the Saxon monarchy in the wake of Germany's defeat in World War I.
圣·亨利军事勋章是萨克森王国颁发的一种军事勋章，它也是德意志帝国各城邦中最古老的勋章。它于1736年10月7日由波兰与萨克森区国王奥古斯特三世设立。勋章在19世纪末20世纪初进行了修改，随着一战德国的战败和萨克森君主制的垮台，此勋章被废除。

The Military Order of St. Henry also was the highest Saxon decoration bestowed upon members of the German Air Service and was most often awarded to pilots and observers of Flieger, Feldflieger and Bomber Abteilungen.At least 2,717 recipients were awarded the Military Order of St. Henry during World War I. Of that number, at least 107 recipients were pilots or observers/gunners.
圣·亨利军事功勋勋章还是萨克森授予德国空军人员的最高荣誉，绝大多数的获得者都是战斗机飞行员、观测员或是轰炸机机组成员，在一战中至少颁发了2717枚，其中至少有107枚获得者是飞行员、观测员或航炮手。（马克思·伊梅尔曼是空军唯一的二级司令官级勋章获得者）。

The order came in four classes: Grand Cross (Großkreuz), Commander's Cross 1st Class (Kommandeurkreuz I. Klasse), Commander's Cross 2nd Class (Kommandeurkreuz II. Klasse) or sometimes just Commander, and Knight's Cross (Ritterkreuz). Generally, the rank of the recipient determined which grade he would receive - the Grand Cross went to monarchs and the highest field commanders, the Commander 1st Class to senior generals, the Commander 2nd Class to officers major and above (with a few exceptions) and the Knight's Cross to all officers. Again with few exceptions, one was required to have received a lower grade before receiving the next higher grade. During World War I, there were 12 awards of the Grand Cross, 14 awards of the Commander 1st Class, 153 awards of the Commander 2nd Class, and 2,728 awards of the Knight's Cross As an example of the progression, Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, a general and later field marshal, received the Knight's Cross in August 1914, the Commander 2nd Class in June 1915, the Commander 1st Class in January 1917, and the Grand Cross in May 1918.
圣·亨利军事勋章共设有四个级别：大十字级，一级司令官级，二级司令官级（有时候就叫司令官级）和骑士级。一般情况下获得者的军衔决定了被授予何种级别的勋章：大十字级授予君主和最高指挥官，一级司令官级授予高级军官，二级怀司令官授予中层军官（也有授予此军衔以下的特例），而骑士级则授予所有军官，就算是特例，也得符合“必须在获得低级勋章后才能获得更高一级”的规定。整个战争期间，一共颁发了12枚大十字级，14枚一级司令官级，153枚二级司令官级和2728枚骑士级，让大家看下一位获得过所有级别的特例吧：巴伐利亚皇储鲁普雷希特将军，后来升为陆军元帅，1914年10月获得骑士级圣·亨利勋章，1915年6月被授予二级司令官级，1917年1月取得一级司令官级，最终于1918年5月获颁大十字级圣·亨利军事勋章。


骑士级圣·亨利军事勋章


The badge of the order was a gold Maltese cross with white-enameled edges. Around the center medallion was a blue-enameled gold ring bearing on the obverse the words "FRIDR•AUG•D•G•REX•SAX•INSTAURAVIT" and on the reverse the motto "VIRTUTI IN BELLO" ("Bravery in War"). On the obverse, the medallion was yellow-enameled with a painted portrait of St. Henry, the last Saxon Holy Roman Emperor. On the reverse, the medallion bore the Saxon coat of arms (alternating vertical black and white stripes with a diagonal rue crown). Between the arms of the cross were green-enameled rue crowns, a symbol of Saxony. The Grand Cross was larger than the Commander's Cross, and the Commander's Cross was larger than the Knight's Cross.
勋章的章体由金质马耳他十字与白色珐琅镶边组成。章体的正面中心是一个镀着蓝色珐琅的金质圆环，上面写着“FRIDR•AUG•D•G•REX•SAX•INSTAURAVIT”，背面的铭文是“VIRTUTI IN BELLO”（英勇战斗）。章体正面涂着黄 色珐琅的是神圣罗马帝国的最后一位萨克森皇帝。背面圆环上画着萨克森的盾形纹章（横向黑白交错的条纹和斜放的装饰着芸香的皇冠），上面的皇冠图案是萨克森的标志。所有级别的勋章章体相比，大十字级最大，最小的是骑士级。


The star of the order, awarded with the Grand Cross and the Commander 1st Class, was a silver eight-pointed star featuring a larger version of the medallion with St. Henry of the obverse of the cross.
在颁发大十字级和一级司令官级勋章时，还会附加一枚星芒章，星芒章正中是与其他级别勋章一样的圣·亨利画像，周围是八条银色光芒。

The ribbon of the order was light blue with yellow stripes near each edge.
此勋章的授带主体是淡蓝色，两边则是黄 色条纹。


The Knight's Cross was worn as a breast badge on the upper left chest. The Commander's Crosses were worn from the neck, with the breast star of the Commander 1st Class on the lower left chest. The Grand Cross was worn from a sash over the shoulder, with the badge resting on the left hip. Its star was worn as with the Commander 1st Class. On occasion, the Grand Cross badge was worn from the neck and was distinguishable from the Commander's Crosses only by its size.
骑士级勋章佩戴在获得者的左胸上部。两级司令官级十字章都佩戴于颈下，一级司令官级的星芒章佩戴在左胸靠下的位置。大十字级十字章则挂在大授带（类似武装带上的斜挎）的末端，也就是左臀的位置，它的星芒章位置与一级司令官级的位置一致。有时候大十字也会被挂在颈下，而这时区分的唯一方法就是它的尺寸比司令官级勋章大。

获得者佩戴照片：
弗里德里希·奥古斯特三世 (King Friedrich August III)，萨克森国王，脖子下方佩戴着一枚特别的大十字级圣·亨利军事勋章，星芒章佩戴于左胸，勋表中另有一枚骑士级圣·亨利军事勋章


Merit Order 功勋勋章

具体说明不详，目前只找到司令官级、一级骑士级和二级骑士级。
司令官级功勋勋章


第1版一级佩剑骑士功勋勋章


第2版二级佩剑骑士功勋勋章（两个版本的区别在于勋章正中圆圈边缘）


Order of Albert 阿尔伯特勋章
皇冠佩剑司令官级阿尔伯特勋章（一级与二级司令官级区别仅在于有无星芒章）



The Order of Albert (Albrechts Orden) was instituted on 31 December 1850 by King Friedrich August II to honor the memory of Duke Albrecht the Brave, founder of the Albertine Dynasty. The military variation of the decoration was established in 1866. )
为了纪念阿尔伯特王朝创始人——阿尔伯特公爵的战功，萨克森国王弗里德里希·奥古斯特二世于1850年12月31日设立了阿尔伯特勋章，1866年增设了授予军事人员的佩剑版。

一级佩剑司令官级阿尔伯特配发的星芒章



Ten classes consisting of divisions for the Grand Cross, Commander's Cross, Officer's Cross and Knight's Cross. Officers serving in the Army only received the three lowest ranking awards:
Knight, 1st Class with Crown and Swords

Knight, 1st Class with Swords
Knight, 2nd Class with Swords
此勋章共设有大十字级、司令官级、军官级和骑士级等十级。陆军军官通常只能获得最低三级勋章：
一级皇冠佩剑骑士级
一级佩剑骑士级
二级佩剑骑士级


The Order of Albert was originally awarded to " all those who render useful service to the state, or who distinguish themselves through civil merit, science, art, etc., who have earned a claim to Our recognition." Beginning in 1866, the Order of Albert was bestowed upon military personnel for merit in the field and to indicate this, a pair of crossed swords were added to the medal. Very often, non-Saxons also received this award.

阿尔伯特勋章最初授予标准为“所有为本邦做出突出贡献，如在科学、艺术领域上有杰出成就，同时己获得大众认可的平民”。自1866年起，增设了授予军事人员的版本，军方版在原有基础上加上了交叉的双剑。很快，非萨克森人也被允许获得这种勋章。

皇冠大十字级阿尔伯特勋章及配发的星芒章



一级佩剑骑士级阿尔伯特勋章



二级佩剑骑士级阿尔伯特勋章


Medal of the Military Order of St. Henry 圣·亨利军事奖章
金质圣·亨利军事奖章




银质圣·亨利军事奖章


圣·亨利军事勋章的士兵版。授予要求与勋章一致。


Merit Cross 功勋十字奖章
银质佩剑功勋十字奖章

目前只找到银质佩剑功勋十字奖章，具体说明不详。


Honour Cross 荣誉十字奖章
从左至右分别为皇冠佩剑、皇冠、佩剑荣誉十字奖章

目前只找到皇冠佩剑/无剑级、佩剑级，具体说明不详。

Albert Cross 阿尔伯特十字奖章

阿尔伯特勋章的士兵版，授予要求与勋章一致。

War Merit Cross 战争功勋十字奖章




Established on 30 October 1915 by King Friedrich August III.

由弗里德里希·奥古斯特国王于1915年10月30日设立。具体说明不详


Friedrich-August Medal 弗里德里希·奥古斯特奖章
银质弗里德里希·奥古斯特奖章

共设有银质、铜质两个级别，具体说明不详。